Molecular detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia is used in evaluating patients suspected of acute anaplasmosis or ehrlichiosis.
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia are two distinct genera of bacteria that can cause similar tick-borne infections in humans.
This test can detect the genetic material of both different species, but without separating them.
Anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis is caused by bacteria from the Anaplasma genus, with Anaplasma phagocytophilum being the most common species causing human infections.
Transmission: Anaplasmosis is primarily transmitted to humans in the United States through the bite of infected black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis or Ixodes pacificus). In Europe, Ixodes ricinus is the primary vector. Other tick species, such as the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum), can also transmit the disease.
Symptoms: Anaplasmosis typically presents with symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, fatigue, and occasionally gastrointestinal symptoms. It may resemble a flu-like illness. Severe cases can lead to complications such as respiratory distress, organ failure, or even death if left untreated.
Diagnosis and Treatment: Diagnosis is typically made by laboratory testing, such as PCR or serology, to detect the presence of Anaplasma bacteria or antibodies in the blood. Treatment involves the use of antibiotics, commonly doxycycline, for a period of 10 to 14 days.
Ehrlichiosis
Ehrlichiosis is caused by bacteria from the Ehrlichia genus, with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii being the main species causing human infections.
Transmission: Ehrlichiosis is primarily transmitted through the bite of infected lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum). Other tick species, such as the black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis), may also be involved in transmission in certain regions.
Symptoms: Ehrlichiosis typically presents with symptoms similar to anaplasmosis, including fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In some cases, a characteristic rash may be observed. Severe cases can lead to complications such as respiratory failure, kidney failure, or neurological issues.
Diagnosis and Treatment: Laboratory testing, including PCR or serology, is used to diagnose Ehrlichia infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics, such as doxycycline, for 10 to 14 days.
Both anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis are more commonly reported in some areas where the relevant tick species are prevalent. Prevention involves avoiding tick bites by wearing protective clothing, using insect repellents, performing regular tick checks, and removing ticks promptly.
