Osteoporosis and Osteopenia

Bone loss occurs when the formation of new bone mass does not go with the removal of old bone mass. As bone mass decreases, bones become thinner and more fragile, increasing the risk of fractures. About 50% of all women between the ages of 45 and 70 suffer from some degree of osteoporosis. This disorder, which literally translates as "porous bones", is so common that its effects (weakness, fractures, pain, and kyphosis) tend to be considered normal consequences of aging. In fact, osteoporosis is a condition caused by bad eating habits and lifestyle factors. Several studies have found that there is an association between a dysfunctional immune system and osteoporosis, while hormonal balance is vital to maintaining good bone density.

Causes: Osteoporosis typically occurs due to an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. Several factors can contribute to this imbalance, including:

• Age: Bone mass peaks around the age of 30 and gradually declines thereafter.
• Hormonal changes: Postmenopausal women are at a higher risk due to a decrease in estrogen levels, which helps maintain bone density. Low testosterone levels in men can also contribute to osteoporosis.
• Genetics: A family history of osteoporosis increases the likelihood of developing the condition.
• Lifestyle factors: Lack of physical activity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and a poor diet low in calcium and vitamin D can all contribute to bone loss.

Risk factors: Certain factors increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, including:

• Gender: Women are more prone to osteoporosis than men.
• Age: The risk increases with age.
• Body size: Small and thin individuals are at a higher risk.
• Race and ethnicity: Caucasian and Asian individuals have a higher risk.
• Medical conditions: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and some hormonal disorders increase the risk.
• Medications: Long-term use of corticosteroids, certain anticonvulsants, and some cancer treatments can contribute to bone loss.

Symptoms: Osteoporosis is often asymptomatic until a fracture occurs. Common fractures associated with osteoporosis include wrist fractures, hip fractures, and vertebral fractures. However, in advanced cases, individuals may experience back pain, loss of height, and a stooped or hunched posture due to fractures and collapse of the spine.

Diagnosis: Osteoporosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and bone density testing. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most common method used to measure bone density.

Prevention and Treatment: Preventive measures and treatment options for osteoporosis include:

• Nutrition: Consuming a well-balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D is essential for maintaining healthy bones.
• Physical activity: Regular weight-bearing exercises, such as walking or weightlifting, help strengthen bones.
• Lifestyle changes: Quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, and avoiding excessive caffeine consumption can help prevent bone loss.
• Medications: Several medications, including bisphosphonates, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), and denosumab, are available to treat osteoporosis and reduce fracture risk.