Beta-carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that belong to the larger group of carotenoids, compounds produced by plants and some microorganisms. These substances play essential roles in human health, primarily through their antioxidant effects, and serve as precursors to vitamin A. In human biology, carotenoids are not produced internally and must be acquired through diet. Their absorption, distribution, and metabolic conversion have been extensively studied, particularly in relation to their effects on oxidative stress, cellular signaling, and disease prevention.
The beta-carotenoid test panel at Diagnostiki Athinon measures five key carotenoids: Lycopene, Beta-Carotene, Cryptoxanthin, Canthaxanthin, and Lutein. Each compound has distinct biological roles and tissue distributions, offering a comprehensive view of an individual's carotenoid levels.
Beta-Carotene is the most widely studied provitamin A carotenoid. Once ingested, it is cleaved by the enzyme beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase to produce retinal, which is then reduced to retinol (vitamin A). This metabolic process is carefully regulated and affected by genetic differences, nutritional status, and other dietary factors. Sufficient levels of beta-carotene have been linked to better immune response and protection against oxidative damage.
Lycopene, a non-provitamin A carotenoid, is recognized for its powerful antioxidant properties, especially in neutralizing singlet oxygen species. It accumulates mainly in the prostate, skin, and adrenal glands and has been extensively studied in relation to cellular aging and lipid peroxidation.
Cryptoxanthin has provitamin A activity and resembles beta-carotene in structure, although its absorption and metabolism differ. It has been shown to influence inflammation and oxidative gene expression pathways.
Canthaxanthin, a ketocarotenoid, is commonly used as a food and cosmetic colorant. It has antioxidant properties in the human body, although its bioaccumulation and tissue-specific effects are still being studied. Its presence in serum can offer additional insights into dietary carotenoid intake and metabolism.
Lutein, primarily found in the macula and retina, plays a crucial role in maintaining eye health. It shields retinal cells from phototoxic damage by absorbing high-energy blue light and neutralizing reactive oxygen species. Its measurement acts as a key biomarker for oxidative stress related to the eye.
Measuring these carotenoids is crucial for several reasons. First, plasma levels can reliably indicate dietary intake and nutritional adequacy. Second, low carotenoid levels may indicate poor absorption due to gastrointestinal issues, genetic differences in metabolism, or increased oxidative stress. Third, imbalances have been associated with systemic oxidative stress, which contributes to the development of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration, metabolic syndrome, and certain cancers. Fourth, people on specialized diets—such as restrictive diets—may be at risk for low carotenoid levels.
Ultimately, antioxidant profiling through carotenoid assessment can inform research or lifestyle changes aimed at enhancing cellular resilience and reducing long-term disease risk.
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Last updated: 29/06/2025
