Urinalysis is a frequently performed screening test that provides an overview of the patient's overall health and urinary tract health.
The method used for urinalysis is the one with the reagent-impregnated strip—indicators for measuring pH, specific gravity, sugar, albumin (protein), ketones, hemoglobin, urobilinogen, bilirubin, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase. The sample is centrifuged, and the residue is examined microscopically to determine the presence and type of cells, cylinders, crystals, and microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
The color of the urine should be related to the specific gravity. That is, sparse urine of low specific gravity should be almost colorless, while concentrated urine of high specific gravity should be dark yellow. Urine glucose content should also be positively correlated with specific gravity. The pH should be inversely associated with ketone (acetone) levels.
A sweet or fruity urine odor indicates the presence of ketones in the sample. A fish odor or a foul odor indicates a urinary tract infection. A smell like maple syrup may indicate "Maple syrup urine disease." The recent consumption of asparagus can cause a particularly mold-like urine odor.
The increased observed epithelial cells may signal an inflammatory process in the kidneys. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) that may be present in the urine indicate damage to the renal glomeruli. Elevated levels of leukocytes (white blood cells) indicate inflammation or infection in the urinary tract and suggest the need for a urine culture. Crystals may form at room temperature after the sample is taken and before the test is performed or may be caused by various drugs.
More specific or quantitative tests should confirm pathological results.
Important Note
Laboratory test results are the most critical parameter for diagnosing and monitoring all pathological conditions. 70% and 80% of diagnostic decisions are based on laboratory tests. Correctly interpreting laboratory results allows a doctor to distinguish "healthy" from "diseased."
Laboratory test results should not be interpreted from the numerical result of a single analysis. Test results should be analyzed based on each case and family history, clinical findings, and the results of other laboratory tests and information. Your physician should explain the importance of your test results.
At Diagnostiki Athinon, we answer any questions you may have about the test you perform in our laboratory and contact your doctor to ensure you receive the best possible medical care.
