Molecular detection of the monkeypox virus is used for laboratory documentation of the disease.
More Information
Monkeypox is a rare viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. Monkeypox is similar to human smallpox and is primarily found in Central and West Africa.
The monkeypox virus is primarily transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals, including monkeys, rodents, and other small mammals. Human-to-human transmission is possible but relatively rare. It can occur through respiratory droplets or contact with bodily fluids, skin lesions, or contaminated objects.
The symptoms of monkeypox in humans are similar to those of smallpox, though typically less severe. Common symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and exhaustion. A distinctive feature of monkeypox is the development of a rash, which often progresses to pustules and scabs, similar to smallpox. The incubation period of monkeypox can range from 5 to 21 days.
Monkeypox is endemic in Central and West Africa. Outbreaks have occurred in various countries within this region, including Nigeria, Congo, and Cameroon. Since May 2022, cases have also been reported from countries without previously documented monkeypox transmission outside the African region.
The diagnosis of monkeypox is based on clinical symptoms, but laboratory tests, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological testing, can confirm the presence of the virus. Detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the preferred laboratory test for monkeypox. The best diagnostic specimens are taken directly from the rash – skin, fluid, or crusts, or biopsy where feasible. Antigen and antibody detection methods may not be useful as they do not distinguish between orthopoxviruses.
There is no specific antiviral treatment for monkeypox. Supportive care, such as pain relief and wound care, is provided to manage the symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required. Preventing monkeypox includes measures to reduce contact with animals that may carry the virus, such as avoiding contact with rodents and other potential reservoir hosts. Additionally, promoting good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, can reduce the risk of transmission.
