Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the lining of the esophagus changes, similar to the lining of the intestine. This transformation is often associated with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Barrett's esophagus is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Monitoring and managing acid reflux through lifestyle changes and medications are essential to reduce the risk of progression to cancer. The assessment of the Polygenic Risk Index for Barrett's esophagus is based on examining 16 gene polymorphisms.
Genetic testing for Barrett's esophagus is included along with 14 other diseases in the Genetic Screening for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Polygenic Risk Score as well as in the Genetic Screening for Neoplasms and Precancerous Malformations, Polygenic Risk Score along with 19 other diseases.
Causes and non-genetic risk factors
Barrett`s esophagus is mainly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease, in which stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, damaging the tissue and causing changes in its lining.
Risk factors predisposing to Barrett`s esophagus are as follows:
- Having gastroesophageal reflux disease that does not improve with appropriate treatments.
- Family history of the disease or esophageal cancer.
- Gender. It is much more common in men than in women.
- Ethnic origin, since Caucasians are at higher risk.
- Age. It is more common after 50 years of age.
- Smoking.
- Obesity or overweight, since abdominal fat also increases the risk.
Symptoms
Barrett`s esophagus often begins in association with gastroesophageal reflux disease, which may include the following signs and symptoms:
- Frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents.
- Some difficulty swallowing food.
- Occasionally, chest pain.
However, many people with Barrett`s esophagus do not have any symptoms associated with reflux.
Prevention
The prevention of Barrett`s esophagus involves preventing and correctly managing gastroesophageal reflux and avoiding foods and situations that can elevate gastric contents. Coffee, alcohol, tobacco, and fatty foods can be associated with this.
Barrett`s esophagus is related to an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer, so it is essential that affected individuals undergo regular check-ups to promote early detection. In addition, although the risk of esophageal cancer is low, it can be minimized with proper therapeutic management of gastroesophageal reflux.
